The Concept of Learning and Change

The Concept of Learning and Change Free Online Research Papers Learning is a vital tool for implementing change; as a point of interest, learning is the very element that creates the change in most all living beings. Effective learning is how people grow, develop, or change mentally. According to the text, Learning and Memory: Basic Principles, Processes, and Procedures (4th ed.), (Terry, 2009), learning is the acquisition of knowledge or encoding of knowledge or behavior. The text also defines learning as relatively permanent changes in behavior, or behavioral repertoire, which occurs as a result of experiences (Terry, 2009). Learning includes a number of styles such as visual, which is learning from seeing, auditory, which is learning from listening, and kinesthetic or tactile, which is learning by touching, doing, or moving. According to Terry, (2009) as a person learns he, or she will become more competent, more confident, or more committed as a result of his, or her learning. Ultimaely, for many, learning offers the opportunity of not only attaining knowledge but learning also allows a person’s attitude to grow, or develop. Learning is the tool that affords individuals the opportunity and competence to tackle new challenges. According to the text, learning offers the potential for changes in behavior, which can be revealed clearly when conditions incite the display of this newly acquired knowledge (Terry, 2009). Difference Between Learning and Performance When distinguishing between learning and performance, it may be important to remember that learning is a knowledge that is recorded in a person’s mind, and that learning fosters what a person can do. Performance, on the other hand, reveals how well a person can do what he, or she has learned. Learning is designed to develop the skills or knowledge that under girds long-lasting understandings (University of Missouri St. Louis, n. d.). Learning usually demonstrates a comprehensiveness of application or knowledge of a skill; performance, on the other hand, assesses long-lasting understandings of a skill (UMSL, n. d.). Ultimately, only those who develop a desired level of understanding will be able to perform successfully. Comparison and Contrast of Conceptual Approaches to the Study of Learning Learning has four basic approaches: social learning, non-associative learning, classical conditioning, and operant conditioning, (also known as instrumental learning). Classical conditioning is the method of learning that is the result of learning that certain factors or elements go together. Operant conditioning is yet another type of learning. Most learning is the result of operant conditioning. Behaviors produce events through this method of learning (Kodat, 2002). Simply put, operant conditioning learning can be either a rewarding or negative experience. Non-associative learning, which is the most basic form of learning, is often called single event learning. With this method of learning a person will learn that some occurrences are irrelevant and unrelated. Next is social learning, although more prevalent in animals that may be the most similar to human beings, this type of learning is the result of being in social groups (Kodat, 2002). No matter the learning approach there will most likely be behavioral changes. Conclusion As mentioned previously, learning is defined as the experience or act of acquiring skills or knowledge through instructions or studies. Learning has also been defined as a modification of behavioral tendencies through experiences (Kodat, 2002). Learning has even been described as permenant. However, in order for individuals to tackle or demonstrate their newly acquired knowledge there must be a different or new plan of action designed at achieving a desired goal; therefore, a change must occur. Simply put, before changes can be implemented some learning must occur. Meaning that it may be extremely difficult for an individual to try to fulfill a task when he, or she has not learned how to perform the task. No matter the definition of learning, the overall concept of learning involves assisting people through the learning process. Basically, learning is whatever can be done to make learning happen. When it comes to learning there may be extreme differences in how a person processes the information he, or she is trying to learn (Terry, 2009); thankfully, diverse learning styles do indeed exist. No matter the approach or learning style both learning avenues provide features that cater to various types of learners. Ultimately because of the various approaches and learning styles, students are afforded amazing accomplishments from their learning experiences. Research Papers on The Concept of Learning and ChangeThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseStandardized TestingTrailblazing by Eric AndersonBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfWhere Wild and West MeetAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Project Managment Office SystemMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesResearch Process Part One

Political Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Political Paper - Essay Example Justices Antonin Scalia and Stephen Breyer, each being highly respected members of the Supreme Court, have their own distinct views in regards to judicial responsibility and the overall role of the Supreme Court itself. Two justices, while each having the same position of power, bring to the federal bench distinct backgrounds, as well as educations. Such distinctions that shape the ways in which both men look at the greater role of the Court itself. Both of these gentleman, while possessing respective levels of great judicial power, are in their own right distinctive in approach. Leaving to be considered not only the ways in which they view their position in the legal system, but also how they observe the history of the organization since the time of its fruition and its subsequent involvement in the present state of legal affairs and greater discussion occurring in multiple facets of the country. In an interview conducted at The Federalist Society, Justices' Breyer and Scalia are provided with an environment to engage in healthy discussion having to do with their individual interpretations of both laws, as well as the intent behind them. An issue which Justice Scalia addresses is the notion of a "living constitution". One which would grow with society and form itself to the resulting advancement, in such a way that it would be keeping it from breaking and crumbling all together. Breyer says, while avoiding the classification of 'living' in regards to the constitution, the document "adapts to the circumstance in order to keep the values the same," (Breyer/Scalia, 12/05/06). After which, Justice Scalia responds with a concurrence that, while he too would believe that the constitution should adapt to new occurrences, he would still not give it the term "living" as part of its classification. While it is not the responsibility of the Supreme Court to interfere with democracy, it is it's responsibility to keep in mind the notion of not going too far in its interpretations and approaches. As for his view on democracy, in part, Scalia says that, "The majority rules," Adding that, "If you don't believe in that, you don't believe in democracy," (Breyer/Scalia, 12/05/06). Justice Scalia then details his view that the Bill of Rights acts in such a manner, that it imposes limitations on the notion of majority rule, which are in return placed by those in the court system. "Whenever the judges go beyond the meaning understood by the society that voted for those limitations, whenever it goes beyond that original meaning, it is in effect adding to those subjects that are driven off the democratic stage," (Breyer/Scalia, 12/05/06). Breyer's argument of preserving the democratic process is one which many have agreed upon. As is the case with Presidential elections, like Justice Scalia says, the majority does hold a ruling authority and that is in fact part of the democratic process. To have a court that is comprised of entirely different approaches to things, is quite healthy and good, according to Justice Breyer. "It's just my burden to prove its better than anything else," (Breyer/Scalia, 12/05/06). Scalia places the question forward, for greater discussion and debate, as to whether a lawyer is better qualified to understand the issues at hand, in

No Topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

No Topic - Assignment Example The idea behind this sentence means the simple fact that the more we try to develop our society and humanity at large; we are indirectly destroying the future. It was only few years back when we started globally developing ourselves in order to grow. Generally it has been seen that the ways of the humanity actually harms the balance of the nature and impact the environment. Since time immemorial humankind protected itself against nature, now nature must be safeguarded against mankind. Nature is the most important aspect of atmosphere, protecting it should be our foremost responsibility. Specifically risk are the "worldwide house" the Antarctic, sea couches, tropical timberlands, with numerous species debilitated by the insatiable development of interest for new inputs, while earths climate is overburdened with the buildups development deserts. Thus, it was during the 1980s that the ascent of a worldwide environmental cognizance was communicated by numerous voices, all regretting the dangers to the worlds biosphere and the offence to the eras to come. The group obligation to protect the "regular legacy of humanity" was conjured, and "Tending to the Earth" turned into a basic which disturbed spirits worldwide. Regard for the uprightness of nature, autonomously of its esteem for people, and in addition a legitimate respect for the privileges of mankind requested that the global nature should be secured. There have been numerous examples used by the author which shows how efficiently we have been destroying the nature in an irreparable way. All these were given with the sole motive to make us understand that we human beings are gradually destroying the nature and the misbalancing the universe with this act of ours. The in return will try and defend itself in a very ruthless ways. Ways which cannot be sustained by mankind. Until and unless we try and stop ourselves, we will have to face the nature’s fury at some point in future when

Define the medical model of health and describe the differences when Essay - 1

Define the medical model of health and describe the differences when compared to the social model of health - Essay Example The concept of social model of health is much advanced than the medical model and is currently being used in the field of medicine, nursing, sociology, health psychology, psychiatry, clinical social work and chiropractic medicine. According to the medical model of health, physical illness is caused by a particular "pathogen" or disease causing organism (Curtis, p.48). The pathogens cause the disease because of which some physical changes occur within the body. The causative factors are not only organisms but some chemical imbalances and genetic predisposition. According to the social model which is commonly known as the biopsychosocial model, illness is caused due to an interplay of a multitude of factors and that most of the times illness results from an interplay of biological factors like pathogens, psychological factors like beliefs and behaviors and social factors like economic status and employment. This model of health was developed by Engel in the 1970s. The psycho aspects of health which this model proposed were cognitions like expectations of health, certain emotions like fear of treatment and important health-related behaviors like consumption of alcohol, smoking, diet and exercise (Curtis, p.53). Emotional turmoil, lack of self-control and negative thinking have been incriminated in the development of disease. The social aspects of health which this model proposed were social drinking, peer group pressure and expectations, social values of health, ethnicity, parental pressure and expectations and social class. The social model of health is basically based on the social cognitive theory (Curtis, p.55). The medical model perceives illness as beyond the control of the individual and thus individuals are not responsible for the illness. Here patients are regarded as victims of external force that causes changes in the internal aspects of the patients. But the social model perceives illness as a combination of several

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

English - Essay Example This attitude is established by Douglass’s description of Mrs. Auld as â€Å"a woman of the kindest heart and finest feelings† (Douglass, p 159) until she is corrupted by the poison of slavery. Likewise, he expresses his deep affection for the little white boys who taught him to read. On the other hand, Douglass is unequivocal in his attitude towards white people who are slaveholders. He declares, â€Å"I loathed them as being the meanest as well as the wickedest of men,† (Douglass, p 164). He holds Andrew and Mrs. Hamilton to be the examples of this bestiality. Douglas is undoubtedly bitter about his slavery experiences. His learning makes him acutely conscious of slavery as a violation of human rights. His hatred of the unjust society, which has denied his people their freedom, is evident throughout the Narrative. He describes such a society as composed of â€Å"a band of robbers,† (Douglass, p 164). Douglass is particularly anguished by the cruel treatm ent meted out to his grandmother, who is abandoned and turned out to die alone in her old age. He condemns a society that supports slavery as one in which â€Å"the exercise of irresponsible power† (Douglass, p 162) is sanctioned. It is slavery which makes barbarians of a society. Charles Darwin’s Natural Selection deals with the significance of natural variations, and the evolution of those variations which are favorable for the survival of the species.

Annotated Bibliography: Nursing Care of Patient With Stroke

Annotated Bibliography: Nursing Care of Patient With Stroke This annotated bibliography will discuss three pieces of literatures, which include a Department of health policy. Demonstrating an understanding of the chosen articles with the use of additional literatures to analyse identify and explore learning and how it will influence the nursing care of patient with stroke. Furthermore, the analysis of how the literature search was performed, the database used, search term used, the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the findings and exploration of why the literature was chosen will be identified. Search Strategy Database such as CINAHL plus, British Nursing Index and Department of Health policy was utilised to acquire relevant articles and guideline relating to stroke (Achterberg, Schoonhoven Grol, 2008). This was searched using keywords such as; â€Å"self- care CVA†, â€Å"self-care management†, with the use of the Boolean operator â€Å"OR†, â€Å"AND â€Å"and â€Å"IN† which helped expand and narrow the search criteria (Petersen, 2010). To carry out the first search the keywords â€Å"self-care management† was inserted and it came up with 1878 hits, again Boolean operator â€Å"OR† was used to refine the search. However the hits were large at 40361 hits, the Boolean operator â€Å"IN† was inserted which gave less than 1657 hits. Moreover, when the search keywords â€Å"self-care stroke† was inserted to the database it came up with 1831 hits, however when the Boolean operator â€Å"AND† was added the number of hits had red uced to 51. To further narrow the search to get minimum and relevant information relating to stroke, the writer used the advance search tools by limiting the search to UK only, publications dates within 6years and excluding international. As a result of this, the first article had 30 results, second article had 500 results and the third article had 321 results. From this, the writer read 10 abstracts each from the articles that were more suitable for the research. From the ten abstract read, the writer was able to come to conclusion by choosing 1 article from each search as it contains appropriate information regarding nursing care for patient with stroke. However the policy was found using the DoH website as the database used to find the other articles were not appropriate for finding a guideline. This was search using keywords â€Å"SELF MANAGEMENT FOR STROKE†, in which gave the writer suitable information relating to stroke and how it influence nursing care (reference) Annotated Article 1 Joice, S. (2012). Self-Management following Stroke. Nursing Standard, 26 (22), 39-46 In this article the author defines the concept of self-management and describes psychological theories and emerging behaviour change techniques that nurses can use to promote positive self-care in patients who have had a stroke (McCabe Timmins, 2013). They identify the importance that nurses are in the main position to combine a wide range of behaviour change techniques that can be modify to different patients (Egan, 2009). They also identify the importance of nurses creating a therapeutic relationship through communication as it enhances the delivery of care provided (Palmer, 2000). Additionally, by providing useful communication between the nurse and patient it encourages them to take more interest in their condition and develop greater understanding and confidence in self-care management (McCabe Timmins, 2013). Many authors such as Burnard (2003), Barrett, Komaromy, Robb and Rodger (2004) and Bach and Grant (2011) agree that communication is the most important therapeutic skill compulsory for nurses. Whilst Schuster (2000) highlights that nurses must also be able to appreciate non-verbal communication, through eye contact and touch, as it is a crucial method to creating a rapport and trusting relationship with their patient before verbal communication commences. The article also identified the challenges nurses face when delivering self-management after stroke, as different policies, authors or researchers may not use same definition of self-management (Newman, Steed Mulligan 2009). Therefore, nurses have to interpret documents and apply them in different environment. Lorig Holman (2003) supports that self-management is poorly theorised, which means lack of knowledge restrict both the nurses and patients from facilitating self-care management (White, Duncan and Baumle, 2011) Although it identifies the importance of individual’s attitudes and beliefs towards recovery and response to rehabilitation, the attitudes and beliefs of the nurse also plays a role (Young and Forster, 2007). However Daniel, Grendall Wilkins (2008) states the importance of valuing people’s attitude and beliefs as it determines their motivation to participate in self- care. Therefore nurses have to be sensitive to that fact that all patients share different beliefs regarding health care issues. (Barker, 2009) The overall article highlighted the importance of nurse’s usage of different behaviour change techniques to promote positive self-management after stroke. It also identifies nurses as the main provider in promoting self-care to patients and their families in order to improve the outcome. Annotated Article 2 Rowat, A. (2011). Malnutrition and Dehydration after Stroke. Nursing Standard, 26 (14), 42-46 The aim of the article was to encourage nurses to identify the frequency and causes of malnutrition and dehydration, consider the complications it can cause and to be aware of the feeding strategies. They identify that patient presented with stroke should be assessed within the first 48 hours and swallowing should be assessed before giving any food, fluid or oral medication (NICE, 2008). They identify the video-fluoroscopy test used to observe the patient swallowing process. However the test is not practical for assessing patient with stroke as they are unable to sit independently as well as endure movement of their head (Rowe D’Antonio, 2005, Jacobsson et al, 2000). Although the video-fluoroscopy is used to detect dysphagia, it is believed to be an unreliable source as it does not identify how the patient should be fed when they return to the ward (Clayton, Jack, Ryall, Tran, Hilal Gosney 2006). The use of different trials carried out by Dennis, Lewis Warlow (2005) supports decisions about feeding patients after stroke as it illustrates the significance of enteral tube feeding reducing risks of death at 6months. The article also identifies alternative evaluation tool; Fibre optic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) has been developed as it can be used at the bedside to establish the movement of fluid and food in the larynx (Ramsey, Smithard Kalra, 2003). However it still requires a skilled operator to administer the swallowing test, therefore the person administering the tests must receive sufficient education and training in order to carry out the test accurately (Rodgers, 2005). It identifies the importance of nurses using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool as it is a valid and reliable nutritional screening tool used in hospital setting, as high number of patient with stroke experience malnutrition (NICE, 2008). However the tool is not specific to stroke and would not identify reasons the patient is malnourished, but it enables the nurses to identify the patients who need to refer to speech and language therapist (Hickson, 2006). The overall article informs nurses of the common complication arising from stroke and the tools used to examine. It also identifies the importance of teamwork between nurses and speech and language therapy in maintaining the nutrition and hydration status of the patient after stroke. Annotated Policy Department of Health. (2007). National Stroke Strategy. London: HMSO The strategy has been put in place as it provide a quality framework against which local services can secure improvements to stroke services and address health inequalities involving stroke within ten years, provide advice, guidance and support for commissioners, strategic health authorities, the voluntary sector and social care, in the planning, development and monitoring of services; and inform the expectations of those affected by stroke and their families, by providing a guide to high-quality health and social care services. The Department of Health (2007) established a national strategy for stroke facilities in England. According to DoH (2007), almost 110,000 people under the age of 65 in England have a stroke yearly and 20-30% of those people pass away within a month. They identified Stroke as the main cause of disability within adults and costing the NHS and economy  £7 billion yearly as suggested by (Leatherman, Sutherland Airoldi 2008). The DoH developed the strategy as a result of an evidence based practice (Keele, 2011), which suggest what needs to be done by recommending nurses to use the care pathway to deliver an effective care to patients with stroke (Barker, 2013). The policy was implemented to remodel the services provided to the patients, ensuring they receive the best care using resources available. However due to some nurses lack of knowledge, it could limit the resources being used effectively (Rodgers, 2005). Although the policy supports the involvement of patients and family with stroke by involving them in care planning (Benner, Kyriakidis Stannard, 2011). However the policy identifies that this can prove to be less effective when communicating with the patient due to either physical disability or limited communication as a result of the severity of their stroke (DoH,2007).Therefore the policy identifies how to interact effectively with the patient by maintaining their dignity (Masters, 2014). Overall the policy highlights the important of nurses being updated frequently on different tools available to use when caring for their patient. This ensures the patients receive an up-to-date care and restricts their stay in hospital. To conclude, the writer has demonstrated understanding of the articles and policy chosen, by using literatures to analyse and explore further reading concerning how it influences the nursing care of the stroke patient. This has equipped the writer on how effective high quality care should be delivered to patients effectively. References Achterberg, T.V, Schoonhoven, L Grol, R. (2008). Nursing implementation science: How evidence based nursing requires evidence- based implementation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 40(4), 302-310. Bach, S. Grant, A. (2011). Communication and interpersonal skills in nursing. (2nd ed). Great Britain: Short Run Press. Barker, A.M. (2009). Advanced practice nursing: Essential knowledge for the profession. USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Barker, J. (2013). Evidence based practice for nurses. (2nd ed.). London:SAGE. Barret, S., Komaromy, C., Robb, M. Rodgers, A. (2004).Communication, relationship and care: A reader. USA: Routledge. Benner, P., Kyriakidis, P.H. Stannard, D. (2011). Clinical wisdom and interventions in acute and critical care: A thinking-in-action approach. (2nd ed.). New York: Springer Publishing. Burnard,P. (2003). Ordinary chat and therapeutic conversation: Phatic communication and mental health nursing. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Nursing, 10 (6), 678-682. Clayton, J., Jack, C.I., Ryall, C., Tran, J., Hilal, E. Gosney, M. (2006). Tracheal pH monitoring and aspiration in acute stroke. Age and Ageing. 5 (1), 47-53. Daniels, R, Grendell, R Wilkins, F.R. (2008). Nursing fundamentals: caring and clinical decision making. (2nd ed). USA: Cengage Learning. Dennis, M.S., Lewis, S.C. Warlow, C. Food Trial Collaboration (2005b). Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeling for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 365, 9461, 764-772. Egan, G. (2009). The skilled helper: A problem management and opportunity-development approach to helping. (9th ed.). USA: Cengage Learning. Hickson, M. (2006). Malnutrition and ageing. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 82 (963), 2-8. Jacobsson, C., Axelsson, K., Osterlind, P.O. Norberg, A. (2000). How people with stroke and healthy older people experience the eating process. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 9 (2), 255-264. Joice, S. (2012). Self-Management following Stroke. Nursing Standard, 26 (22), 39-46 Keele, R. (2011). Nursing research and evidence based practice: Ten steps to success. USA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Lorig, K. Holman, H.R. (2003). Self-Management education: History, definition,outcomes and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioural Medicine. 26 (1), 1-7. Leatherman, S., Sutherland, K. Airold, M. (2008). Bridging the quality gap: Stroke. Retrieved March, 9, 2014 from http://www.wales.nhs.uk/documents/bridging_the_quality_gap.pdf Masters, K. (2014). Role development in professional nursing practice. (3rd ed). USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. McCabe, C Timmins, F. (2013). Communication skills for nursing practice. (2nd ed). UK: Palgrave Macmillian. Newman, S., Steed, L. Mulligan, K. (2009). Chronic physical illness: Self-management and behavioural intervention. England: Open University Press. Palmer, S. (2000). Introduction to counselling and psychotherapy. London: Sage Petersen, R. (2010). Ubuntu 10.04 LTS desktop handbook. USA: Surfing Turtle Press. Ramsey, D.J., Smithard, D.G. Kalra, L. (2003). Early assessments of dysphagia and aspiration risk in acute stroke patients. Stroke. 34 (5), 1252-1257. Rodger, B.L. (2005). Developing nursing knowledge: Philosophical traditions and influences. USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Rowat, A. (2011). Malnutrition and Dehydration after Stroke. Nursing Standard, 26 (14), 42-46 Rowe, M.R D’Antonoio, L.L. (2005). Velopharyngeal dysfunction: Evolving developments in evaluation. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 13 (6), 366-370. Schuster, P. (2000). Communication the key to the therapeutic relationship. Phiadelphia: F.A. Davis Company. United Kingdom. Department of Health. (2007). National Stroke Strategy. London: HMSO. United Kingdom. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2008). Stroke: National Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Initial Management of Acute Stroke and Transient Ischaemic Attack. Clinical Guideline No.68. London: HMSO. White, L., Duncan, G Baumle, W. (2011). Foundation of basic nursing. (3rd ed). USA: Cengage Learning. Young, J Forster, A. (2007). Review of stroke rehabilitation. British Medical Journal. 334 (7584), 86-90.

Performance Budgeting :: American Government, Budgeting Initiatives

This paper examines the benefit of performance based budgeting as a practical theory of efficiency for government programming. Confronted by fiscal limitation and demand for improved public services, government agencies are utilizing the budget as a means to elevate government accountability and efficiency, rather than simply as a means for distributing funds and controlling expenses. Performance based budgeting has been defined as a system wherein managers are provided with the flexibility to utilize agency resources as required, in return for their commitment to achieve certain performance results. (Brewer, 3) Performance budgeting is a system of planning, budgeting, and evaluation that emphasizes the relationship between money budgeted and results expected. (Government of Alberta, 1) Performance budgeting signifies an important divergence from habitual line item budgeting. A line item budget is mainly a tool for controlling expenditures it characteristically indicates the amount of spending permitted for particular purposes. As a fiscal year progresses, departmental spending must remain within the budgeted amounts unless formal budget amendments are approved. Under line item budgeting spending in one category cannot automatically be used to supplement another category. (Government of Alberta, 2) While traditional budgets can be useful in assisting managers with internal control, they are not typically as useful as a policy or decision making tool. Line-item budgets assure elected and administrative officials that money is being spent only for approved purposes, but they do not show what is being accomplished with the money. (Government of Alberta, 3) Additional drawbacks to line-item budgets involve the promotion of indolence, due to the minor modifications made to budget planning each year. Line-item budgeting can result in ineffective and costly actions because management is not allowed the flexibility to address changing situations. (Virginia Society of Certified Public Accountants, 7) Many government programs are often forced to use funding, or lose funding at the end of a program year; these restrictive processes have the potential to invite micromanagement and impede the fulfillment of program objectives. (Government of Alberta, 3) In comparison, performance budg eting has more of a policymaking orientation it links plans, measures, and budgets and it pushes administrators and policymakers to contemplate the big picture. (Brewer, 23) Performance budgeting provides useful information about the impact of budget decisions on people and gives departments increased budgetary flexibility. Additionally, performance budgeting allows for ongoing monitoring and strengthens legislative decision making and oversight.